Proceedings Library

Abstract The development of a successful plant breeding program targeting South African native plants is described. Aloe was the major plant improved for ornamental use but additional genera including Agapanthus have also been highly successful.

Keywords: Aloe, Agapanthus, plant improvement, new cultivars

Abstract Until the 1930s and 1940s, cutting propagation was limited to those species that were easy to root. With the discovery that auxin significantly enhanced rooting in cuttings, the number of vegetatively propagated species available to greenhouse and nursery producers significantly increased. It is interesting to see the early adoption of “hormones” in commercial practice and how the delivery methods for treating cuttings with auxin evolved. With an increased emphasis on propagation efficiency for modern greenhouse and nursery production, alter-native methods are resurfacing as potential ways to deliver auxin to cuttings.

Keywords: IBA, IAA, plant hormones, application methods, foliar auxin, total immersion, Bonzi

Abstract Saunders Brothers is a multi-disciple business including a wholesale nursery, fruit orchard, farm market and garden center. After a brief history of Saunders Brothers, key aspects of business practices were described.

Keywords:business, nursery, farm market, boxwood, Saunders Brothers

AbstractGayle Suttle the long-time CEO of Microplant Nurseries, Inc, provides insights into running a successful micropropagation business learned over four decades.

Keywords: tissue culture, business, philosophy

AbstractAdventitious bud formation in Haemanthus tissue culture was successful using floret peduncles as the original explant. It was also possible to get organogenesis from callus cultures originally taken from ovary tissue after exposing cultures to low temperatures.

Keywords: tissue culture, organogenesis, geophyte, bulb

Abstract Polyploid breeding improves the ornamental value and efficiency of interspecific crosses. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is expected to be a breeding resource for blue flowers among ornamental plants of the genus Hibiscus. We investigated the optimal conditions for polyploidy induction and the morphological changes induced by polyploidization in kenaf. The most efficient conditions for tetraploidy induction in blue-flower-type kenaf were soaking of the seedlings in 3.0 × 10–3 M colchicine solution for 24 h. Colchicine soaking at 1.0 × 10–3 M for 12 to 24 h was suitable for white-flower-type kenaf. In either type of kenaf, leaflet length to width ratio, guard cell length, petal length to width ratio, petal thickness, pollen diameter, and seed fresh weight were greater in tetraploids than in diploids.

Keywords: breeding, tetraploid, phenotype, flow cytometry

Abstract Streptocarpus ionanthus (H. Wendl.) Christenh. (common name: African violet, saintpaulia), a member of the Gesneriaceae family, is native to the mountainous regions of tropical Africa and is an ornamental plant that is popular as an interior plant because it grows well even in low light interior conditions. Plant regeneration has been re-ported from petal culture of carnations, and chrysanthemums, but there have been no re-ports of petal culture of African violet, so this was attempted in this study. Two flowering stages, fully expanded petals and un-opened flower buds were set up, and four plots were set up with a combination of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 1.0 or 2.0 mg/L and thidiazuron (TDZ) at 0.25 or 0.5 mg/L as PGRs. It was possible to induce adventitious buds from both of unopened flower bud and fully expanded petal ex-plants. When adventitious buds that had grown to a length of about 5 mm were re-moved from the test tube and subcultured on a PGR-free medium, rooting was con-firmed after 3 weeks and after 8 weeks they had become plantlets that could be acclimatized.

Keywords: Streptocarpus, SaintPaulia, tissue culture, organogenesis

Abstract  In recent years, interest in aquariums has in-creased in Japan, and the demand for aquatic plants used to decorate aquariums is on the rise. Many of them are grown by tis-sue culture and sold commercially as sterilized, pesticide-free products. The production of these tissue culture transplants is exclusively carried out by venture companies. As the results, there is little research information published about the growth of aquatic plants by tissue culture. We believe that there is still a lot of room for optimization, including the composition of the culture medium, and have presented the results of tissue culture experiments of three aquatic plants. In previous experiments plant growth regulators were not added to the medium due to the risk of tissue culture mutations, but this time, cytokinin was added to promote growth and improve propagation efficiency. Without the addition of cytokinin, shoots developed and elongated from the axillary buds of both species of pearl grass and rooting occurred, but the addition of cytokinin suppressed leaf formation and rooting, especially in thidiazuron. In the cytokinin-added medium where leaf formation was inhibited, green globular masses that are thought to be derived from shoot axillary buds were formed.

Keywords: thidiazuron, organogenesis, Micranthemum

Abstract  Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino, a mem-ber of the Araceae family, is a medicinal plant, and the tubers are peeled and dried to be used as herbal medicine called “Han-ge”. Pinellia ternata is used in many traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions and is in high demand as herbal medicine ingredient. Pinellia ternata basically forms one leaf from the tuber, and the photosynthetic products form the next generation of tubers underground. In this experiment, we investigated the influence of the light quality of the cultivation light on the sprouting of the tubers, and the extent to which the tubers in the soil recognize and respond to the amount of light. The quality of the irradiated light clearly affected the sprouting of Pinellia ternata tubers. In the red LED light irradiation area, the tubers sprouted earlier than other light conditions and the cumulative number of sprouts was the highest. On the other hand, the other treatment areas sprouted later than the dark area, and the cumulative number of sprouts was the lowest in the blue LED irradiation area. The measurement results showed that approximately 0.5% of the light reaching the soil surface penetrates to a depth of about 5 mm from the soil surface.

Keywords: aroid, LED, irradiance

Abstract  Survival in Phalaenopsis planting material was successful using polystyrene foam. It significantly reduced time, cost and improved uniformity.

Keywords: orchid, transplanting, tissue culture, acclimatization

Abstract   “A Breath of Fresh Air’ was the theme for the 52nd Annual Conference of the International Plant Propagators’ Society (IPPS) Australia Region held during 22 – 25 May 2024 at RSL conference Centre in Ballina, New South Wales. The conference was packed with different activities, including a pre-conference tour, traditional golf competition, trade displays, award session during the gala dinner, nursery tours, grafting demonstrations and of course many interesting presentations. The traditional six pack of young energetic people selected by the Executive Committee helped in running the conference. Some highlights from these activities are presented in this Editorial to the Proceedings of the IPPS Australia Region.

Keywords: awards, propagation, grafting, nursery tours, New South Wales

Abstract  Kangaroo paws (Anigozanthos and Macropidia species) have been successfully domesticated over the last few decades through various genetic improvement programs and the development of propagation methods suited to mass production. This paper summarizes the various strategies and techniques employed by the author and other researchers to achieve the goal of domesticating this crop for landscape and garden use as well as for cut flower production.

Keywords: Anigozanthos, Australian natives, pot plant, breeding, embryo rescue, tissue culture, propagation, ornamental plants

Abstract  This article is about how some trees grow to be so large. It talks about the various types of meristematic tissue, their similarities and differences in form and function and how meristems can be of relevance to plant propagators.

Keywords: apical meristem, cell differentiation, cell division, cell growth, cork cambium, lateral meristems, totipotency, vascular cambium

Abstract  Samantha shares her journey into the nursery industry, highlighting key strategies that have shaped Bamboo World Production Nursery to what it is today – working hard to create a business growth of over 250% income in 5 years. Her experiences span various industries and continents, offering insights that may resonate with you or spark new ideas.

Keywords: bamboo, sustainability, innovation, community engagement, adaptability

Abstract This Brachychiton Schott & Endl. breeding program started in the mid-1990s with the acquisition of several Cape York species, Brachychiton velutinosus Kostermans, B. grandiflorus Guymer, B. garrawayae (Bailey) Guymer and the naturally occurring hybrid B. x carneus Guymer (Brachychiton grandiflorus x B. garrawayae) to add to B. bidwillii Hook. a low growing cold tolerant, versatile and floriferous species with a short juvenile phase. This small collection of stunning species high-lighted the immense potential for the genus and led to the establishment of the breeding program. Plant breeding and improvement has long been an interest having taken plant breeding as a subject in my final year at the university. Once pollination parameters were established it was easy to produce significant quantities of hybrid seed to grow out for assessment.

Keywords: hybrids, native trees, tree breeding

Abstract  I have been extremely fortunate in my professional career to have made so many connections to further my horticultural knowledge and interests and then be able to become a mentor myself. This fortune is not measured financially but rather on how I think I’ve achieved the goals I set out with and whether they stayed consistent, were modified slightly or completely changed. I can honestly say that it didn’t come easily, and many things were just seemingly coincidence but looking back I think that making your own luck is a big part of it. What I have done is constantly strived to adapt and improve everything that I do and the seven deadly words are always in my mind, “we have always done it that way” and the rea-son why many people and businesses don’t keep up or change when needed which ultimately leads to major issues. Having a good general knowledge across several different fields also helps to foster adoption of new ideas, techniques or adaption of equipment to improve efficiency. Being able to weld, build and fix things may not seem like a horticultural skill but it certainly makes you think about a lot of different industries as you apply their tools of the trade.

Keywords:Australia, Banksia, Calodendron, Grevillea, Grafting

Abstract  Many studies in the past have shown that plants and Growing media (as a Biofilter) maintained indoors improve air quality, ambiance and mood of workers resulting in improved staff productivity, performance, job satisfaction and reduced sick leave absence, stress, depression and negative mood states. However, only few studies on class-room performance of school children have been conducted so far. To understand the performance of students in classrooms with and without Potted plants, we conducted the first Trial study involving 360 students in grades six and seven in 16 classes in three schools in Queensland, Australia and student performance was tested across three curriculum course streams: Numeracy, Literacy and Science. The results indicated that the presence of plants and long-term specialist growing media in the classroom consistently led to improved performance in spelling, mathematics and science – i.e., across the curriculum (by removing VOCs from the air). The results were statistically significant with 10 to 14% improvement in all but one of the five sets of scores in two schools, whereas in the third school where results were not significant between groups with and without plants’ presence, the students were already involved in an active gardening program, involving both ornamental and vegetable species.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the presence of plants in the classroom environment improves student performance.

Keywords: indoor plants, specialist growing media, schools, children, Queensland, environment

Abstract  Restoring the Sub Tropical rainforests (STRF) decimated in the 1800 and in the early part of 1900s has gathered momentum since the 1970s. Ecological restoration is possible in small remnants, however planting is the only solution in the vast paddocks as just 1% of STRF is left in eastern Australia. Annual plantings grew from mere hundreds in the 1980’s to over half a mil-lion by 2020’s. Over the years it was realised that not only the quantity of plants but also its diversity is important. Hence seed-lings have become the planting material for rainforest restoration. As a result seed col-lection, storage, propagation and growing techniques of seeds of over 450 rainforest species became the cornerstone of research and a multimillion dollar industry in recent years. Species composition and functional trait representation in these forests is of utmost importance. This paper describes the planning and methods of collection, processing, germinating and establishing seedlings in rainforest restoration and factors to be considered when restoring degraded forest ecosystems.

Keywords: Australia, germination, reforestation, X-ray radiography, seed viability, recalcitrance, inbreeding

Abstract  Natural Area Nursery in Western Australia started from humble beginnings in 2005 and grew into an 800,000 annual turnover of tubestock from 80,000. Over the 15 years, the Government leased land of the nursery quadrupled in area as well. At the beginning of Covid pandemic, in January 2020, the Government of Western Australia asked for the return of the land for a new train station complex. This paper describes the identification of land, logistics, designing, building and relocation of the massive operation within the two-year timeframe allocated by the Government. In addition to all other factors, the dedication and hard work of the staff of the Natural Area Nursery made this relocation possible.

Keywords: tubestock, planning, logistics, designing, irrigation, efficiency

Abstract  The successful establishment and propagation of red bayberry (Myrica rubra) in vitro cultures require precise optimization of initiation, multiplication, and rooting stages. This study aimed at developing a high-throughput clonal propagation system for red bayberry. Here, the influence of stem growth stage, seasonal variation for clean culture initiation success and tissue culture media composition for bud induction, multiplication and rooting were evaluated. Un-hardened red stems consistently outperformed semi-hardened stems, achieving a maximum clean culture establishment rate of 90% compared to a 10% maximum for semi-hardened stems across four rootstocks trialed in the study. Seasonal analysis revealed summer and autumn as the optimal material collection periods, with overall success rates of 47.25% and 45%, respectively. Media optimization during the initiation phase enhanced axillary bud vigour, addressing initial poor growth observed on BB01 media. Multiplication challenges, including chlorosis and shoot die-back, were mitigated using I09.1 media, which sup-ported robust shoot quality and a multiplication rate of 2,244-fold, over seven sub-culture cycles for the tested genotype. Rooting experiments demonstrated an efficient auxin treatment protocol, achieving 100% rooting success within six weeks without adverse effects on shoot quality. Rooted plants acclimatized successfully under misting conditions, reached 100% survival and vigorous growth post-acclimatization. These findings establish a comprehensive commercial tissue culture protocol for red bayberry, from initiation to nursery transfer, demonstrating potential for large-scale propagation. This research provides critical insights into optimizing in vitro systems for woody perennials, enhancing their application in horticultural biotechnology.

Keywords: in vitro culture; Myrica rubra, woody plant

Abstract  Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) are of great significance to the Australian economy as they comprise vine grapes and table grapes. Grapevine rootstocks belong to several Vitis species such as Vitis rupestris, V. riparia, V. berlandieri and V. champini etc. from America. In vitro propagation systems for grapevine like micropropagation, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, protoplast culture and cryopreservation are important for various reasons such as rapid and reliable cloning, international transfer of germplasm, virus elimination, rapid crop improvement through cell-level selection, genetic engineering, gene editing as well as in vitro conservation of valuable germplasm. Micropropagation of three open varieties of table grapes undertaken for rapid reliable cloning of virus-free stock material for orchard establishment is described. Also, various in vitro methods applied to grapes and their applications are discussed.

Keywords: tissue culture, organogenesis, shoot proliferation, rooting, acclimation, high-health plants

Abstract  For success, operators of plant production nurseries need to understand not only the morphology, but also the physiology, evolutionary biology and genetics of the plants they grow. This aspect is discussed in relation to flowering and production of lavender flowers and oil. The main cultivated species are Lavandula angustifolia, Lavandula latifolia and their naturally occurring hybrid Lavandula x intermedia. These species originated in the northern Mediterranean in southern France under a dry temperate climate with drought conditions in the summer. Soils are low in nutrients except for high levels of calcium. How the understanding of evolutionary biology of lavender and its adaptation can help increase lavender flower production in nurseries is discussed with examples from author’s own experience as well as from a field experiment.

Keywords: Lavandula, physiology, origin, adaptation

Abstract  Red Imported Fire Ant (RIFA) was first detected in South East Queensland (SEQ), Australia, in February 2001 at a property in the suburb of Richlands, Brisbane. Subsequent tracing and investigation identified further outbreaks at the Port of Brisbane and Verrierdale in the Sunshine Coast Hinterland in 2001. The Queensland Government, along with Australian State, Territory and Commonwealth Government, agreed to a national RIFA eradication program to be cost shared between government Parties; however, a cohesive structured funding program was not fully agreed to until 2017.

Keywords: insect control, eradication, invasive species

Abstract  Sediments, scale and biofilms cause inefficient function of irrigation pipes, drippers and sprinklers increasing operation costs and lowering production and water use efficiency. Algae, fungi, protozoans or their combinations are responsible for biofilms and are problematic in all production regions. Biofilm fouling is traditionally carried out using oxidising agents, chlorine di-oxide, hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide etc. Most of these products have very high environmental impacts as well as toxicity to humans, water systems and soil and are inefficient in that the biofilms will recur. These are being replaced by modern, environmentally friendly ‘green’ alternatives that use either physical forces such as hydrodynamics (flushing through high water flows) or the use of substances that are capable of interfering with the matrix structure of biofilms. The former is limited for systems where water is plentiful and inexpensive. The latter group includes biocatalysts (enzymes, phages) and organocatalysts (organic non-enzymes). AquaMate® is a patented organocatalyst that causes destruction of the biofilm matrix by breaking it into simple sugars and flushing out from the system whose repeated use prevents reoccurring of biofilm and is low-cost, non-toxic and non-hazardous.

Keywords: biofilm; Aquamate, extracellular polymeric substances, water use efficiency

Abstract  In May 2024, I was selected as an exchange student, which marked a watershed moment in my career. IPPS's generous support not only made this trip possible but also allowed me to learn more about the field of Horticulture from experienced individuals who are all about knowledge sharing. My trip to Australia lasted two weeks, it was my first time leaving South Africa, and I was extremely nervous, however. When I arrived, I was greeted by friendly people who made this experience enjoyable and educational. My first trip was to Perth, where I spent time with Mr. David Hancock. The experience in Perth was a highlight of my career; I visited many places with Mr. Hancock and learned much about different nurseries and plant diversity in Australia. We went to Grasstrees Australia, Plantrite, Natural Area Nursery, Caversham Wildlife Park, where I saw a kangaroo for the first time, and the Biodiversity Conservation Centre, which provided me with insights into my MSc project because they do similar work. I also had the opportunity to meet incredible people from Natural Area Nursery, who introduced me to different kinds of seafood. Perth was a beautiful place, rich with history and beautiful native plants of Australia.

Keywords: propagation, nursery, native plants, Ballina, conference

Abstract  Over the last century, plant tissue culture (PTC, in vitro technology) has evolved into a highly sophisticated biotechnological tool not only for understanding biochemical processes within the plant, but also in applied plant breeding, conservation and propagation. It is now the foundation in advanced biotechnologies. The most wide-spread application is micropropagation for producing clonal plant stocks with the market expected to grow to US$ 2.1 billion by 2030. Micropropagation is widely used in clonal propagation in horticulture, floriculture and forestry. PTC is also used in eradicating viral and bacterial diseases infecting clonal plant material to produce high-health planting material for agriculture, horticulture and forestry. In vitro technologies al-low combining different methods such as meristem culture, thermotherapy, chemotherapy, electrotherapy and cryotherapy within one experiment to eradicate multiple diseases and/or to eradicate aggressive pathogens that cannot be eradicated using a single therapy. Also, in vitro technologies have a central role in the development and deployment of new cultivars to the industry much faster and efficiently than traditional field-based plant breeding methods. This application encompasses an array of technologies to produce crop cultivars or even new man-made species with traits of inter-est. The approaches to cultivar improvement using PTC techniques include the in-duction of mutants and selection of desirable mutants with improved traits and in developing genetically modified crops using traditional methods as well as gene editing techniques. PTC is the preferred pathway for developing interspecific and intergeneric hybrids that cannot be produced by hybridization in vivo due to various incompatibility issues. Ploidy manipulation, production of doubled haploids for hybrid development, increasing the proportion of hybrid seeds in apomictic species are some other applications in crop improvement. Because our plant genetic resources are not safe in the field due to climate change resulting in vagaries of weather as well as pests and diseases, ex situ conservation is becoming increasingly important. Again, PTC takes a central role in ex situ conservation, whether as tissue culture repositories or as cryopreserved collections. Finally, cell cultures are used in producing biopharmaceuticals, food ingredients, cosmetics, flavours, dietary supplements, fragrances, and biostimulants.

Keywords:micropropagation, doubled haploids, polyploidy, conservation, interspecific hybridization, somatic embryogenesis, microtubers

Abstract  The aim of this paper is to describe my role as Plant Yield Coordinator at Natural Area Nursery, Western Australia in maximising plant yield and optimising water management. The key areas described range from monitoring and identifying areas of concern, water management, determining and implementing actions, documentation, to re-search and development. The focus is on the role’s integration with the nursery team, and practical ways adopted in the overall application. Results achieved include im-proved plant quality, reduced plant losses and better water management. In addition, the approach allowed for early targeted action, with the ability to be proactive and optimise resources. Consequently, in many areas of nursery operations the efficiencies were able to be improved. At the same time, documentation and research continually is being refined and allows for analysis and improvement of future procedures and management decisions. Finally, the broader benefits of a closely forged and self-driven team are realised.

Keywords:nursery management, irrigation, best practice, surveillance, scouting, monitoring, natural area, Western Australia

Abstract  In Australia, a first world nation with generally a gold standard in production Horticulture, we’re used to the luxuries of potting machines, tray fillers, seed machines, sticking robots, remote climate control, quality potting mix, fertiliser, pest control and more simply quality and reliable water, gas and electricity supply, whereas South Africa is not. Load shedding (periods of time where power cuts off), similar issues with water, a weak currency, poor potting mix (making out of anything you can find), little nursery automation and the list goes on. Growing plants still isn’t easy even with all our modern machines and sterile potting mixes and quality water, imagine how hard growing plants is without all of that! This paper will be going a little bit more in depth into the issues that South African growers experience every day. I was able to experience South African growers’ passion and enthusiasm that enables them to overcome these issues daily, truly one of the most in-spiring things I’ve been able to witness.

Keywords: load shedding, nursery management, woodfire heating, potting mix, labour cost

Abstract  This report explores specific biophilic design strategies and their role in enhancing indoor environment quality through the integration of vegetation and sustainable building practices. As urbanisation increases there is a growing responsibility to address the poor air quality, volatile organic compounds (VOC’s), and limited exposure to nature that impact humans physical and psychological health. The assessment of case studies and research evaluate biofiltration techniques and exemplars of green design that highlight the effectiveness of vegetation in improving in-door air quality in commercial office spaces and learning environments. A key focus of this report is The Revitaliser, a biophilic indoor solution designed by Eco Effective Solutions and Eco Environment, which incorporates vegetation, biofilters and sustainable interior elements to im-prove indoor air quality and create a productive workspace.

Keywords: biofilter, biophilic design, eco services, indoor air quality, VOCs

Abstract  Founded in 1979 by Kurt Weisenberger, KW Automation has grown from humble beginnings into a leading provider of nursery automation solutions. Kurt, originally an avocado orchard owner on Queensland’s Sunshine Coast, transformed his engineering expertise into innovative machinery for fruit and vegetable post-harvest processing. Recognizing a niche in the nursery industry, he developed the revolutionary KW needle seeder, which set a new standard for efficiency and productivity. Today, as a third-generation family-owned business, KW Automation continues Kurt’s legacy of quality and innovation. Our diverse range of machinery includes soil mixers; hoppers, conveyors, & elevators; pot & bag fillers; needle seeding; tray fillers; potting machines; tray & pot washers; watering tunnels; customizable equipment and more. Solutions and Eco Environment, which incorporates vegetation, biofilters and sustainable interior elements to improve indoor air quality and create a productive workspace.

Keywords: pneumatic needle seeder, hoppers, conveyors, elevators, soil mixers, tailored solutions

Abstract  Grevillea ‘Bonnie Prince Charlie’ is a popular landscaping plant from the Proteaceae family that is often propagated via plant tissue culture. Despite good growth and multiplication in culture, it possesses morpho-physiological characteristics that decrease its quality and survival during the latter stages of micropropagation. Excessive internode elongation and soft, thin stems exacerbate negative abiotic stress effects that occur once removed from the nurturing culture environment. Trials of the growth inhibitor paclobutrazol were undertaken to test its potential to alleviate the issues encountered during deflasking and acclimatization. Supplementation of the growth media with 2 mg/L proved a success and all problematic traits of the cultured Grevillea were counteracted by the application of paclobutrazol. The noted positive effects included: drastically reduced internode elongation, thickened stems capable of supporting their own weight, increased desiccation tolerance and reduced wilting, increased axillary bud growth, broader and deeper green leaves and increased consistency and density of root growth, with 97-100% of plants rooting. Outside of the laboratory environment, deflasking and acclimatization survival rates, quality of sale stock and production efficiency were all greatly improved. The only disadvantage noted was a 1-2 week increase in the holding time in the laboratory. This slight increase in passive storage time was deemed to be a minimal trade-off in return for the multitude of advantages. Large-scale trials proved that 2 mg/L paclobutrazol to be the ideal concentration to ameliorate the disadvantageous traits of Grevillea ‘Bonnie Prince Charlie,’ improving its commercial viability. Further testing with paclobutrazol has already begun on other cultured species to ascertain if there are equal improvements to be achieved.

Keywords: plant tissue culture, acclimatization, abiotic stress

Abstract  This is a report on observations from the New Zealand Region field trip to the Chatham Islands in February 2024. Included are plant observations that provide some insights into the biodiversity of areas pre-served by the Department of Conservation or private owners.

Keywords: Chatham Islands, New Zealand, megaherb, Myosotidium hortensia

Abstract  This paper explores the potential of mono-chromatic red-light supplementation as a sustainable and innovative solution to challenges in greenhouse production, including low winter yields and high disease pressure. Greenhouse cultivation systems, though efficient, often rely heavily on chemicals for disease control, posing environmental and health risks. Monochromatic red light, de-livered through energy-efficient LED systems, has been shown to enhance plant im-munity by inducing secondary metabolite production and activating defence path-ways, reducing the need for chemical interventions. Drawing on recent studies and on-going research at Lincoln University, this paper emphasises the need for further investigation into the role of red light in improving crop yield and quality while minimising environmental impact. Our preliminary trials with lettuce plants suggest promising outcomes, laying the groundwork for sustainable disease management strategies that align with New Zealand's goal of promoting environmentally responsible agriculture.

Keywords: LED, PAR, plant growth, red light, lettuce

Abstract  This paper gives a brief outline of Proseed nursery’s main propagation programmes, some New Zealand plantation forest research developments, and thoughts on how modern propagation systems might assist native reforestation.

Keywords:forestry, Pinus, Eucalyptus, somatic embryogenesis, stock plants

Abstract  San Marcos Growers nursery has come to be known in the industry for the introduction of exciting new plants. This could not have been accomplished without the many people met along the way with similar interests.

Keywords: San Marcos Growers, plant introduction, plant breeders

Abstract  This presentation revisits the propagation methods for rex begonia plants, updating knowledge shared 20 years ago. As nursery production has evolved, the challenge of scaling up the propagation of rex begonias, plants that did not fit conventional production protocols, was addressed by reassessing five key factors: heat, water, nutrients, humidity, and light. After experimenting with six propagation systems, a combi-nation was found that allowed for efficient and scalable production of clean, true-to-name rex begonias. Methods discussed include leaf-vein nicks, pizza pie cuts, rectangular leaf cuttings, leaf petiole cuttings, the cookie cutter method, and the cannoli method. Each technique offers unique advantages in producing uniform, vigorous plants, while the choice of method depends on plant variety and production needs. The importance of clean stock, sanitation, and strong genetic material is emphasized to ensure high-quality propagation. There is value and utility in revisiting and refining methods for efficient commercial production of rex begonia plants.

Keywords: begonia, propagation, leaf cuttings, production protocol

Abstract  Water is crucial for plants, constituting up to 95% of their fresh weight, and is essential for growth and nutrient transport. However, only a small portion of water absorbed by plants is retained, with most lost through transpiration, which also helps cool leaves and allows nutrient uptake. Water-use efficiency (WUE) is the ratio of plant biomass to water used, and it varies across crops. For instance, roses grown hydroponically have a WUE of 2.3-3.0 g/L. The concept of effective WUE considers water lost to drainage. The water footprint (WF) expands on WUE by including water sources and pollution, divided into blue (irrigation), green (rainwater), and gray (pollution). Green-house crops like roses have a WF of 8-26 liters per stem. Reducing water use and re-cycling effluents can improve WUE and lower WF, supporting sustainability and market preferences for eco-labels.

Keywords:  irrigation management, conservation, efficiency, nursery production

Abstract   Soilless substrate stratification offers a sustainable solution to address inefficiencies in greenhouse and nursery crop production. By layering finer media, such as peatlite, over coarser substrates like bark, researchers have demonstrated significant reductions in water and fertilizer use, improving resource efficiency. Stratification helps balance water retention and drainage, mitigating perched water tables in containers. Studies show that root growth doubles or triples in both bark- and peat-based systems when using stratified media. Additionally, this method decreases peat inputs by up to 50%, addressing the current peat crisis. Manipulating stratified layer depths has shown that growers can safely reduce peat use without compromising plant quality. Over-all, stratified substrate systems yield higher-quality plants with increased root development while using up to 25% less water and 20% less fertilizer than conventional systems, making it an attractive alter-native for sustainable crop production.

Keywords: nursery production, root growth, soilless media, wood bark

Abstract  Aloe and agave mites, both eriophyoid mites, are serious pests of ornamental succulents, with aloe mites being more extensively studied than agave mites. Aloe mites cause tumors, leaf distortions, and dense offsets, requiring either removal of affected plants or use of miticides such as fenpyroximate, spiromesifen, or spirotetramat for management. In contrast, agave mites, which reside at the base of leaves or within the core, remain less understood. Symptoms, including greasy smudges and yellowish areas, appear several months post-infestation. Effective management of agave mites involves vigilant monitoring, removal of symptomatic plants, and application of predatory Neosiulus californicus mites or miticides. Miticides should be selected based on ongoing research, with fenpyroximate, spiromesifen, and spirotetramat being potential options. Continuous monitoring and high magnification inspection are crucial for evaluating treatment efficacy and ensuring that mites are eradicated, as symptoms can persist even after treatment.

Keywords: eriophyoid, infestation, pest, succulent

Abstract   Many years of nitrogen fertilizer use have resulted in nitrate contamination of ground-water in the Central Valley of California, prompting the introduction of the Irrigation and Nitrogen Management Plan (INMP) in 2019. This plan aims to track nitrogen in-puts and outputs, estimating potentially leachable nitrogen not removed by the harvested product. Estimating nitrogen output is challenging for nursery crops due to complex production systems. We conducted an experiment to assess nitrogen fate in container-grown Lagerstroemia indica plants. Our results showed that 61% of applied nitrogen was retained in the plant or media, while 28% was lost as gaseous emissions and only 6% as runoff. Importantly, just 3% of nitrogen was potentially leachable, far lower than INMP estimates. A separate study on CRF incorporation revealed that mechanical incorporation of Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 into the media resulted in higher nitrogen leaching compared to manual incorporation, likely due to prill coating damage. These findings suggest that INMP calculations overestimate nitrogen leaching from nursery crops, underscoring the need for targeted best management practices. The adoption of CRF incorporation methods that minimize leaching could further reduce nitrogen contamination, making best practices more effective than rigid reporting requirements for nursery operations.

Keywords: controlled-release fertilizer, groundwater contamination, management plan, nitrogen leaching

Abstract  Since the arrival of Europeans in North America, an estimated 50,000 non-native species have been introduced, causing significant ecological impacts. In California alone, more than 17% of plants, 35% of freshwater fish, and over 1,000 invertebrates are considered exotic pests. Among recent invasive pests, Thrips parvispinus (pepper thrips) and Nipaecoccus viridis (Lebbeck mealybug) pose serious threats. Pepper thrips, detected in Florida in 2020, attacks at least 43 plant species and has spread to multiple states, causing extensive damage to leaves and flowers of affected plant species. Effective control requires careful monitoring and rotation of insecticides. Lebbeck mealybug, native to India, targets over 140 plant species and deforms leaves and fruit, causing wilting and die-back. Biological controls are recommended alongside chemical treatments. Other emerging threats include the Cydalima perspectalis (box tree moth), which damages ornamental boxwoods, and diseases like pine ‘ghost canker’ and fusarium wilt of palms, both of which are exacerbated by drought and warmer temperatures.

Keywords: invasive, introduction, plant disease, spread

Abstract  Black plastic pots, the nursery industry standard for over 50 years, are poor at man-aging root-zone heat. They readily absorb solar radiation, which raises substrate temperatures to harmful levels. On hot days, root-zone temperatures (RZT) in black containers can exceed 133°F in the southern U.S., resulting in plant stress and fertilizer inefficiency. In contrast, white containers reflect solar radiation, reducing RZTs and improving plant growth. Recent studies in Tennessee and Ohio show that using white containers, especially with cyclic afternoon irrigation, significantly lowers RZTs and improves plant growth, nutrient retention, and fertilizer efficiency. Plants grown in white containers exhibited less nutrient leaching and, in some cases, doubled in size compared to those in black containers. Although white containers cost 10-20% more, they offer better protection from heat stress, making them a cost-effective solution, especially in hot climates. For nurseries, investing in white containers may improve plant quality and yield long-term benefits.

Keywords: albedo, nursery production, container, root temperature

Abstract Effective irrigation management in nurseries and greenhouses hinges on maintaining uniform pressure across irrigation systems to ensure consistent water distribution. Variations in pressure, due to factors such as elevation changes, friction in pipes, and im-proper system design, lead to non-uniform irrigation, causing inefficient water use. Measuring distribution uniformity helps assess system performance, and pressure measurements at sprinklers or driplines can guide adjustments. Distribution uniformity is calculated by comparing the water received in the lowest quarter of the irrigation block to the average, which in-forms how much additional water is needed to compensate for inefficiencies. Poor uniformity increases water usage, potentially resulting in runoff or infiltration that threatens environ-mental compliance. Implementing corrective measures like pressure regulators, filters, and proper pipe sizing can enhance system performance, reduce water waste, and improve overall irrigation efficiency.

Keywords: irrigation efficiency, pressure regulation, system performance, water-distribution uniformity

Abstract  Both new and underused plants have a place and value in modern landscapes. Incorporation in landscapes of older varieties along-side newer selections should be considered. California's spring bloom, especially after winter rains, was featured along with recommendations for exploring areas like Sand to Snow National Monument in southern California. The plant list includes selections from genera such as Echinacea, Philodendron, Callistemon, and Cercis. Recognition was also given to plant breeders, such David Salman and Dennis Werner. These plant introductions provide various benefits, including drought tolerance, pollination services, wildlife habitat, and fruit production.

Keywords: new plants, underused plants

Abstract.  Biocontrol, a fundamental approach within integrated pest management (IPM), utilizes living organisms to manage pest populations while minimizing environmental and economic impacts. This method involves predators, parasitoids, and pathogens, including beneficial organisms like ladybugs, parasitic wasps, and nematodes. Biocontrol agents are released through three main strategies: inoculation, inundation, and conservation. While inoculation and inundation focus on introducing organisms in response to pest levels, conservation creates habitats that sustain beneficial organisms. Effective against pests like aphids, biocontrol provides an alternative to chemical controls. However, challenges such as incomplete pest eradication and the need for precise monitoring demand careful implementation and ongoing adaptation.

Keywords: biocontrol, pests, predators, parasitoids, insects

Abstract The 48th Annual Meeting (49th year) of the International Plant Propagators’ Society-Southern Region of North America (SRNA) convened at 8:00 am on 28 October 2024 at the Hyatt Regency Tulsa, Oklahoma with President Cheryl R. Boyer presiding.

Keywords: IPPS-SR, awards, scholarships

Abstract  Peat moss and pine bark are important resources in the horticulture industry but have sustainability concerns. Research efforts have been made to find suitable amendments to reduce reliance on these resources, with the most promising amendment being wood fibers. This study evaluated the effects of two substrates amended with differently engineered wood fibers made from P. taeda on rose growth in white and black containers with two fertilizer rates. Results showed that differently engineered wood fibers and container color can influence the performance of crops grown, as well as the physical properties of substrates.

Keywords: soilless media, wood fiber, peat moss, alternative potting media, nursery production

Abstract  Pollinators are critical contributors to the natural world as well as to humans. How-ever, their population numbers have been rapidly declining, in part due to pesticide exposure. Using the systemic insecticide thiamethoxam and the ornamental species Bloomify™ rose lantana (Lantana strigocamara ‘UF-1011-2'), this study investigated the influence of application method (drench vs. spray), rate (low, medium, high), and timing (relative to flower bud maturity) on contamination of nectar in container grown plants. Results of nectar analysis showed meaningful differences between treatments. While spray applied thiamethoxam was not observed at quantifiable concentrations in nectar, drench applied thiamethoxam concentrations in nectar ranged from 87.7 to 1163.8 ng/mL, surpassing published LC50’s for several bee species even at the lowest application rate. The timing and rate of drench application also affected thiamethoxam concentrations detected in nectar, with concentrations being the highest for applications at the highest rate and at the latest timing. These results provide insight into the development of nursery guidelines to help limit pesticide risk to pollinators before plants go to market.

Keywords: neonicotinoids, bee pollinators, Bloomify™ rose, Lantana strigocamara

Abstract Seed propagation is the primary means of reproducing many native and endemic species, including garberia [Garberia heterophylla (W. Bartram) Merrill & F. Harper]. This sandhill species, belonging to a mono-typic genus of Asteraceae, boasts an attractive display of purple inflorescences favored by an array of diverse pollinators. Yet it is scarcely found in nursery production and largely unknown to the gardening com-munity. To better understand the seed biology of garberia, a series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of population (North and Central Florida) on seed viability and storability as well as germination response to four seasonal temperatures that included 11/22 °C (winter), 15/27 °C (fall), 19/29 °C (spring), and 24/33 °C (summer). Initial seed viability was 49% and 60% for Central and North Florida populations, respectively. Seeds germinated readily across populations and temperatures (reaching 50% of final germination within 3-10 days), revealing a lack of physical dormancy. After 28 days meaningful germination responses were observed for temperature and population effects.

Keywords: Asteraceae, pollinator plants, propagation

Abstract  Increasing environmental and economic concerns necessitate the research for peat moss alternatives, aiming to balance eco-logical sustainability with cost-effectiveness. This study assessed whether biochar (BC) and hydrafiber (HF) could be a partial replacement for peat moss as substrate components. Twelve substrates were formulated by either mixing BC (20%, 40%, and 60%, by vol.) with HF (20%, 40%, and 60%, by vol.), with the remaining being peat moss or mixing BC (0%, 20%, 40%, and 60%, by vol.) with the commercial substrates (CS) to grow zinnia (Zinnia elegans) and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) plants in containers. Plant growth parameters included growth index (GI) and leaf greenness (indicated with SPAD), biomass, and number of flowers - measured biweekly. The results showed all the substrate mixes had similar SPAD. Treatment with 20% BC and 80% CS yielded the highest GI, biomass, and numbers of flowers in both zinnia and snapdragon. In conclusion, BC could be used to partially (20%) replace commercial substrate mix for container-grown zinnia and snapdragon.

Keywords: container, growth index, growing media, floriculture

Abstract Osmanthus is a genus of ornamental plants with valuable qualities such as pest resistance, evergreen foliage, and aromatic flowers. However, different species respond differently to plant hormones in regard to propagation success. This study evaluated five different plant hormones/rates (3,000 mg/L of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) powder, 500 mg/L and 2,000 mg/L of potassium indole-3-butyric acid (K-IBA) solution, 10% seaweed extract solution effects on six different Osmanthus species (Osmanthus heterophyllus ‘Kaori Hime’, Osmanthus armatus ‘Jim Porter’, Osmanthus × fortunei ‘Patty's Secret’, Osmanthus heterophyllus ‘Rotundifolius’, Osmanthus delavayi, and /I>Osmanthus × fortunei ‘Fruitlandii’)cuttings. The water dip was used as the control. Cuttings’ rooting rates, root length, and survival rate were measured. The results showed the Osmanthus heterophyllus ‘Kaori Hime’ exhibited the highest rooting rate, root length, and survival rate, while the Osmanthus heterophyllus ‘Rotundifolius’ had the lowest survival rate. The species significantly influence the rooting percentage, root length and survival.

Keywords: Indole-3-butyric acid; potassium indole-3-butyric acid, seaweed, IBA, K-IBA

Abstract This paper examines the critical role of plastics in the horticultural industry, particularly in plant production, packaging, and distribution. As global plastic consumption increases, the floriculture industry faces growing pressure from stricter regulations aimed at reducing environmental impact. To address the need for updated insights, this study analyzes recent census data to identify the types and quantities of plastics in use and assess their compliance with current regulatory standards. The findings aim to equip industry stakeholders with the information needed to ensure compliance, enhance sustainability, and maintain long-term profitability in an increasingly eco-conscious market.

Keywords: sustainability, plastic, floriculture, nursery, regulations, census, extended producer

Abstract Leaf sap analysis, also known as plant sap analysis, is a diagnostic tool that assesses plant health by measuring mineral levels and other analytes in plant sap. This method provides an immediate snapshot of micro- and macro-elements (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) being transported within the plant, as well as additional compounds such as total proteins, phenolic compounds, ethanol, and carbohydrates (measured via Brix analysis). These metrics help evaluate plant stress and susceptibility to pests and diseases before visible symptoms emerge. By integrating diagnostics, data science, and crop biofeedback, growers gain real-time insights into nutritional imbalances, enabling informed adjustments to fertilization and management practices. This approach enhances plant resilience, optimizes resource use (e.g., fertilizers, water), and reduces reliance on pesticides and fungicides, supporting sustainable agriculture.

Keywords: plant sap analysis, nutrient management, abiotic and biotic stress, disease and insect resistance, diagnostics, data science, precision agriculture

Abstract More time and money are spent in nursery weed control than other pest group. The biggest nursery cost is not being proactive – and implementing a well-designed, effective weed control program. All pre-emergence herbicide active ingredients slowly degrade over time – affecting a product’s ability to offer optimal weed control. Applying split applications of granular herbicide can improve herbicide performance and significantly extend its longevity. Split applications are applied at lower rates than just one singular application. The practice of sequential split applications has proven to be as safe on treated crops as a single, full-rate treatment. Split application techniques of granular herbicide can increase effectiveness and longevity on multiple weed species: bittercress, large crabgrass, doveweed, eclipta, longstalk phyllanthus, common purslane, common groundsel, oxalis and spotted spurge.

Keywords: sequential split herbicide applications, weed control program, seasonal weed pressure

Abstract Water quality is a crucial factor in achieving optimal farm and crop health, yet rigorous and frequent testing is often overlooked as a priority. High-quality water can enhance plant health and productivity, while poor water quality can harbor pathogens and create conditions conducive to crop disease, uneven irrigation and loss of crops. This paper explores the importance of monitoring key water quality metrics such as dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and pathogen levels - discussing the challenges of maintaining these parameters and the importance of prioritizing regular, comprehensive testing. By leveraging advanced oxygenation technology, growers can address water quality challenges with precision. Through targeted water quality improvements and proactive testing, growers can enhance crop health, reduce risks, and optimize resource use. Moleaer’s role in providing efficient oxygenation technology is also discussed, emphasizing the benefits of oxygen-rich water in reducing pathogens and promoting healthier crop growth.

Keywords: water quality, irrigation, oxygenation, nanobubbles, dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), pathogen management, water testing

Abstract A growing body of evidence and public concern over the environmental impacts of plastic pollution and the potential human health impacts of microplastics is driving regulatory actions at international, federal, state, and local levels. These regulations are intended to control the composition and application of plastic products, drastically increase recovery and recycling rates, and prevent misleading or false environmental claims about plastics. These current and coming regulations can apply to plastic manufacturers, propagators, growers, retailers, and marketers in various geographical regions in many different ways. It will become increasingly important for all companies in the horticulture value chain to understand the potential environmental impacts of plastics and how their operations must adjust to how plastics will be managed in the future.

Keywords: plastic pollution regulation, human health, microplastics, environmental impacts, recovery/recycling, post-consumer recycled (PCR) materials, circular economy, extended producer responsibility (EPR), producer responsibility organization (PRO), consumer packaged goods (CPG)

Abstract Air-root pruning systems have considerable propagation and production advantages in producing superior plants of greater commercial value. In air-root pruning the liner pots and propagation flats redirect roots to leave the growing media and desiccate which stimulates greater branching of new roots. Advantages of air-root pruning include improved root architecture with denser, more fibrous roots, reduced transplant shock during upcanning/transplanting, and greater stress resistance in the finished crop with a more extensive root system. While air-pruning was first developed to improve growth and transplanting of coarse-rooted taxa – it can also be beneficial for greenhouse-grown vegetables, herbs, and flowering plants. It all begins in propagation with air-pruning of primary roots of the liner crop.

Keywords: root architecture, transplant shock, fibrous & coarse roots, auxin/cytokinin balance, root apex

Abstract AQUA4D is a global leader in chemical-free water treatment solutions. The system electrically treats water - affecting water structure and hydration. Treated water has improved hydration with smaller clusters of water molecules – increasing salts (minerals, fertilizers) in solution. There is reduced surface tension leading to better water absorption in soils.

Keywords: water quality, water scarcity, water & soil salinity, surface tension, water absorption, hydration

Abstract Rose rosette disease (RRD) is a destructive viral disease of roses that was first observed in North America in 1940s. The disease has since spread across the United States. RRD is caused by rose rosette virus (RRV), that is transmitted by the microscopic eriophyid mite, Phyllocoptes fructiphilus. RRD can results in one or more of the following symptoms: deformed, excessive growth known as "witches' brooms," reddening of leaves, excessive thorniness, malformed leaves, and death of plant. There are current research efforts to seek knowledge and better understanding to help in the development of resistant rose varieties, better RRV detection methods and improved management strategies and practices against the disease. Despite it devastating effects, RRD has remained relatively obscure until the last 20-25 years when it became more widespread and significantly impacted cultivated rose varieties. Since there are no known rose disease resistance, nor effective miticidal control – diseased plants must be rogued and destroyed to limit disease spread.

Keywords: Keywords: rose rosette disease (RRD), rose rosette virus (RRV), eriophyid mite, Phyllocoptes fructiphilus, Emaravirus, RNA virus, genomic based tests, Raman spectroscopy, virus-free propagation, virus indexing

Abstract Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS) or ‘drones’ are a technology that can be used to automate or augment certain operations in open field nursery production. They may be used for a variety of activities including: 1) marketing and sales, 2) asset tracking and management, 3) plant inventory, 4) application of chemicals and nutrients, and 5) crop monitoring. Today users have the option to perform these tasks in-house or use an outside provider.

Keywords: Keywords: small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS), unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), object based image analysis software (OBIA), marketing/sales, asset tracking & management, plant inventory management, chemical/nutrient applications, crop monitoring, radio-frequency identification tags (RFID), remotely piloted aerial application systems (RPAAS)

Abstract This paper examines the shift from traditional timer-based irrigation to data-driven, precision irrigation systems that use real-time data such as evapotranspiration (ET) models and leaching fraction measurements to optimize water and resource use. Canopy (www.CanopyGrow.Tech) is a company focused on revolutionizing irrigation with advanced software and hardware solutions. Examples include Saunders Brothers Nursery’s 43% reduction in water use and 33% decrease in fertilizer within their first year, as well as Holden Nursery’s 50% water savings with improved plant health. These nursery irrigation practices - under-score how a focus on crop quality, paired with automation and real-time data integration, can enhance operational efficiency, reduce waste, and elevate crop outcomes—leading to more sustainable and profitable practices for nurseries.

Keywords: Keywords: small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS), unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), object based image analysis software (OBIA), marketing/sales, asset tracking & management, plant inventory management, chemical/nutrient applications, crop monitoring, radio-frequency identification tags (RFID), remotely piloted aerial application systems (RPAAS)

Abstract Evolution created a symbiotic relationship between plants and beneficial microbes that when properly implemented will produce healthier plants more economically and sustainably. By working with a more sustainable plant ecosystem – via incorporation of microbes to the plant rhizosphere – plants are healthier, more resistant to pests, require fewer chemical inputs, mitigate potential pollution problems, create a safer work-place – and ultimately, produce crops more economically.

Keywords: Keywords: microorganisms, microbes, microbiome, rhizosphere, plant health

Abstract Advancing Eco Agriculture (AEA) is a global leader in regenerative agriculture. The mission is to provide farmers and growers with innovative, science-backed solutions to regenerate and revitalize agriculture and food systems. We need to rethink what causes plant disease and pest outbreaks. It is the health of a plant! A nutritionally unfit plant lacks resistance to disease and pests. This paper covers plant immunity – and integrating the plant health pyramid into more sustainable farm management. The plant health pyramid model demonstrates how plant health/immunity progresses through different levels with greater resistance to pests (microbes to animals – disease & insects) via the plant’s ability to produce more complex proteins, carbohydrates and phytonutrients. Healthier plants reach the top of the pyramid and have great immunity/resistance to pests.

Keywords: Keywords: plant health, plant immune systems, disease and insect resistance, plant health pyramid, regenerative agriculture

Abstract This paper discusses the IPPS-SRNA Early-Career Professional International Exchange Pro-gram with the IPPS-European Region took place in 2023. The exchange proved to be an unparalleled, transformative journey — one I consider among the most profound and impactful in my life. The European Region's annual meeting took place in Køge, Denmark, encompassing other cities such as Copenhagen, Den-mark and Lund, Sweden. I was able to tour nurseries in Germany, Denmark and Sweden.

Keywords: Keywords: IPPS Southern Region of North America (IPPS-SRNA), Early-Career Professional International Exchange Program, IPPS European Region Conference, Danish and Swedish nurseries

Abstract At Willoway Nursery, we cultivate approximately 3,500 SKUs, primarily consisting of trees and shrubs with an additional propagation production exceeding three million cuttings per year, predominantly sourced from cur-rent production plants. We adhere to stringent protocols to ensure healthy stock, which in turn results in superior and healthy cuttings. This document aims to describe some of the methodologies that contribute to our ongoing success.

Keywords: sensors, substrate water, EC, growing degree days

Abstract Many plants have interactions with other species. Some plants have mutualistic relationships that benefit both species, while others are parasitic relationships. Ants are a common species that many plants harbor interactions with. Ants have been known to guard peony buds for their sugars, farm aphids on plants for nutrition, and even living in plants for habitat. In the following paper, ant relations with Rubiaceous ant plants will be explored. One of the major types of ant plant genera, Hydnophytum, is investigated in more detail. Ant plants feature a large tuberous stem that has many in-ternal chambers that ants find hospitable. In return for habitat, ants provide protection to the plant from other herbivores. This relationship provides advantages to both species, making it a mutualistic interaction.

Keywords: ant plant, morphology, tuberous stem, Hydnophytum

Abstract Northern bayberry is difficult to propagate from stem cuttings which limits its availability in the nursery industry. It was shown that cuttings taken in July and treated with IBA rooted at only about 20%. Micropropagation is an alternative to cutting propagation. An efficient micropropagation protocol was developed where microcuttings rooted at 98% and were successfully acclimated to greenhouse conditions.

Keywords: native plants, micropropagation, woody plant

Abstract Plastic containers are common in the greenhouse and nursery industry. To avoid contributing to plastic pollution and its ecological impact, it would be ideal if plastic containers were recycled. However, over 90% are sent to landfills. There are several reasons for this limited recycling and the current paper will discuss the current state of container use by the industry and potential alternatives to plastics for growing plants.

Keywords: recycle, pots, alternative containers, policy, environment

Abstract Canadian hemlock is native to northern North America. It is under threat from the woolly adelgid, and breeding and selection programs are searching for potential resistance to this invasive pest. An efficient clonal propagation system would be required to study and eventually multiple resistant or tolerant selections. Preliminary results are reported for cutting and air layering propagation.

Keywords: hemlock, native plants, cuttings, air layering, juvenility

Abstract Clematis and Hydrangea: are popular garden plants. New selections are commonly being made available to gardeners. Also, both Clematis and Hydrangea: require different cultural practices depending on the selectin being grown and this can be confusing to novice gardeners. Criteria for plant evaluation and growing tips are provided in this paper.

Keywords: plant evaluation, pruning, consumer preference, native plants

Abstract The Great Lakes Basin Forest Health Collaborative (GLB-FHC) is a partnership network supported by the United States Forest Service and Holden Forests & Gardens, an NGO near Cleveland, Ohio. I am coordinating the GLB-FHC network of partners (state, fed, tribal, NGO, private landowners, citizens, etc.), that are interested in coordinating and discussing various parts of participatory pest/disease resistance breeding activities that support tree health. Our cur-rent goals involve increased communication across organizations with activities involving ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica, F. americana), American elm, (Ulmus americana) American beech (Fagus grandiflora), and eastern hemlock species, (Tsuga canadensis). Our collaborative works towards assisting each other in activities that improve and increase our ability to breed pest/disease resistant tree species such as: forest monitoring, tree reporting, tree selection, sample or seed collection, tree propagation and planting/orchard development. In this position I also serve as a technology transfer liaison, providing training for partners wanting to be involved in tree breeding activities for pest/disease resistance, sharing knowledge and answering questions.

Keywords:pest management, breeding urban forests, Fraxinus, EAB

Abstract Kind Earth Growers specializes in growing native plants from seeds. Production is mainly in cell trays. This paper describes the propagation and production strategies for three different crops including golden ragwort (Packera), Joe-pye weed (Eutrochium) and duck potato (Sagittaria).

Keywords: native plants, seed germination, dormancy, ragwort, Joe-pye weed, duck potato

Abstract Propagation can be a significant operational and production expense. Controlled environment management can improve rooting efficiency and the final quality of the liner. These include light management, root-zone temperature and foliar auxin levels.

Keywords: daily light integral (DLI), root-zone heating, foliar rooting hormone, ornamental woody nursey propagation

Abstract Fiber products have become an interesting alternative to traditional substrate components. Hemp hurd fibers are a biproduct of other hemp uses and could be an alternative organic source for container production.

Keywords: Cannabis, transplants, petunia, substrate, media

Abstract The native plant production and education program at Natives in Harmony nursery are described. This includes plant selection, propagation and nursery production. In addition, their educational outreach program is described.

Keywords: native plants, nursery production, Ohio, prairie

Abstract This study investigated the potential of integrating aquaponics and hydroponics using a split root system to optimize hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) growth. The results demonstrated that the single bucket hydroponic system provided the most optimal growing environment measured by fresh weight and kite measurements which outperformed the other treatments. The aerobically digested fish water treatment had significantly lower plant growth. A multiloop system was developed that included the combination of coupled and decoupled aquaponics. Additional work will determine combinations enhance nutrient availability for the plants.

Keywords: Cannabis, hydroponics, greenhouse production

Abstract Root growth, especially during container growth is critical to transplanting success. Various container designs were evaluated for their ability to modify root systems in crops like oaks, honeylocust, and conifers. Studies compared traditional solid wall plastic containers with alternative paper and fiber containers.

Keywords: transplanting, nursery production, containers

Abstract Having a beneficial insect program provides effective pest control but also helps prevent future pest outbreaks while reducing chemical treatments and chemical resistance. When starting a beneficial insect program essential components to consider include consulting with experts, training staff, and implementing a detailed.

Keywords: mites, aphids, thrips, greenhouse

Abstract Soybean, a globally important crop, re-quires improved yield potential to meet the rising demand without expanding production areas. Photosynthesis is fundamental to plant growth and a key target for yield enhancement. This study aimed to evaluate the variation in photosynthetic efficiency among 54 elite soybean breeding lines using the non-destructive MultispeQ tool. Field experiment was conducted in 2024 at Lee Farm, Portageville, Missouri. Photo-synthetic traits, including SPAD, Light intensity (PAR), PSII efficiency (FvP/FmP), maximum quantum yield (Phi2), non-photochemical quenching (NPQt) and linear electron flow (LEF), were measured at the R2-R3 stage. Significant phenotypic variation was observed across the breeding lines for key traits, such as SPAD (mean 43.3), Phi2 (mean 0.36), and LEF (mean 211 μmol m²/s), highlighting genetic diversity in photosynthetic performance. Correlation analyses revealed positive associations between FvP/FmP and Phi2 (r = 0.47), as well as LEF and PAR (r = 0.80), indicating a strong relationship between PSII efficiency and light-use efficiency. Conversely, NPQt negatively correlated with Phi2 (r = -0.45), illustrating a trade-off between energy dissipation and photosynthetic performance. These findings provide insights into the genetic potential of photosynthetic traits for breeding programs. Future analysis of seed yield will further elucidate the role of these traits in improving soybean yield, supporting targeted breeding efforts to enhance crop performance under varying environmental conditions.

Keywords: photosynthesis, plant breeding, non-destructive

Abstract In this preliminary study, we investigated whether the propagation of Taxus canadensis (Canada yew) from cuttings could be made more sustainable by eliminating the use of synthetic auxins and a mist tent. What we found was: (1) softwood cuttings with or without the application of auxins did not root without the use of a mist tent; and (2) hardwood cuttings taken in early January and propagated in a mist tent rooted equally well with or without auxins. Plans to extend this research include examining whether hardwood cuttings taken in early January can be successfully rooted without the use of auxins in a humidity tent.

Keywords: Canada yew, auxins, IBA, restoration, sustainability, water

Abstract Octoraro Native Plant Nursery has been successfully propagating a variety of species of plants in their sand bed system for years. It is a low cost system that allows dense planting of seeds. This method is especially effective with acorns, small seeds, and plants that have a low germination rate. Below you will find a detailed description on how to build the sand beds, the technique for sowing seeds, and an in depth guide on how to harvest oak trees bare root while they are in leaf.

Keywords: acorns, sowing, mist, seed, oak

Abstract Mt. Cuba Center has explored the use of the Oregon Seed Blower in native seed cleaning which has proven to be effective for cleaning native seeds with pappus or calyx structures. The blower successfully re-moves lighter debris and unviable seed from the most samples, resulting in clean seed for storage and sowing. While not suitable for all species and situations, the Oregon Seed Blower can be a useful tool for operations that store and/or propagate small to medium amounts of seeds. This paper de-scribes the function of the Oregon Seed Blower and shows the process for cleaning Solidago rugosa var. apsera.

Keywords: native plants, seed cleaning, debearder

Abstract New plants for 2024 are highlighted and described. This year six IPPS-ER breeders presented herbaceous and woody perennial plants.

Keywords: breeding, plant introduction, genetics